Answer the following questions to see how your political beliefs match your political parties and candidates.
澳大利亚目前有累进税制度，使高收入者缴纳的税比低所得税的比例较高。更累进所得税制度已被提议作为对减少贫富差距的工具。
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联邦最低工资是指用人单位可以支付员工的最低工资标准。自由党政府淘汰加拿大的联邦最低工资标准在1996年每个省和地区现在设置范围从每小时$ 10.50至12.50每小时自己的最低工资标准。
自由主义者“首届预算包含了2016年是政府支出的10.2％$ 29.4十亿赤字。支出的支持者认为，这是政府打算借到钱，因为利率是在50年低点，一个伟大的时刻。反对者认为，开支可能失控和债务可以很容易地在2020年达到每年100 $十亿。
加拿大目前征收15％ - 对所有企业的26％税率和各省征收额外的11％ - 16％的税率。全球的平均公司税率为22.6％。反对者认为，提高利率会阻碍外国投资和损害经济。支持者认为，企业产生的利润应该征税，就像公民的税收。
A Universal Basic Income program is social security program where all citizens of a country receive a regular, unconditional sum of money from the government. The funding for Universal Basic Income comes from taxation and government owned entities including income from endowments, real estate and natural resources. Several countries, including Finland, India and Brazil, have experimented with a UBI system but have not implemented a permanent program. The longest running UBI system in the world is the Alaska Permanent Fund in the U.S. state of Alaska. In the Alaska Permanent Fund each individual and family receives a monthly sum that is funded by dividends from the state’s oil revenues. Proponents of UBI argue that it will reduce or eliminate poverty by providing everyone with a basic income to cover housing and food. Opponents argue that a UBI would be detrimental to economies by encouraging people to either work less or drop out of the workforce entirely.
5美国各州已经通过了要求福利接受者为药物被测试法。加拿大目前不考福利接受者的药物。支持者认为，测试将防止公共资金被用于补贴毒品习惯，并帮助得到治疗对于那些沉迷于毒品。反对者认为，这是钱，因为测试将花费更多的钱比他们节省了浪费。
2015年的工人在加拿大谁属于工会的比例上升0.1％至30％。加拿大的工会工作人员在最近几年实际上已经增加。今天，CBC报道，大约456万工人的工会会员达80多万自1997年以来扩大工会已经由非工会员工队伍，其中大约增长了250万，同期超越。
2011年英国政府国家福利公共支出水平为1131亿英镑，或占政府支出的16%。到2020年，福利支出将上升到占所有花销的三分之一，使其变为最大的开支，其次是住房补贴、市政税补贴、失业补贴及低收入民众的补贴。
海上（或外国）的银行账户是你有你的居住国以外的银行帐户。离岸银行账户的好处包括减税，隐私，货币多元化，从诉讼资产保护，并降低你的政治风险。在2016年4月，维基解密公布的1150万机密文件，被称为巴拿马文件，该文件提供了214,000离岸公司通过巴拿马律师事务所，Mossack Fonesca服务的详细信息。该文件暴露的世界各国领导人和富人如何把钱藏在秘密的离岸避税。该文件的发布延长法律禁止使用离岸账户和避税天堂的建议。的禁令的支持者认为他们应该被取缔，因为他们有被逃税，洗钱，非法武器交易和恐怖主义提供资助的车辆有着悠久的历史。禁令的反对者认为，惩罚性的规定将很难为美国公司竞争，并从定位和在美国的投资将进一步阻碍企业。
收入分裂允许高将达 50 万美金的收入转移到低收入配偶，所以它税率较低阶层的收入配偶。
北美自由贸易协定是被创造下加拿大，墨西哥和美国之间的贸易限制的协议。
一位政府养老金成过程中，其中一人被政府所采用的时间加一笔钱的基金。当政府雇员退休它们能够接收来自该基金的定期付款，以支持自己。由于出生率持续下降和预期寿命上升，世界各国政府都预测资金短缺的养老金领取者。在2016年政府提出从$ 13,000名提高CPP好处$一万七千四百七十八。
2014年，欧盟通过了，在他们的薪酬的100％或股东大会批准的200％上限银行家奖金的立法。目前在加拿大银行家的薪酬没有上限。帽的支持者说，这会减少激励银行采取类似于导致2008年金融危机的过度风险。反对者说，对银行家薪酬的上限会推高非奖金的薪酬，并导致银行的成本上升。
加拿大退休金计划 (CPP) 是收入的公共程序，要求所有受雇加拿大人作出贡献百分比，与雇主匹配到国家管理的退休金计划量。目前，员工贡献率是设置在最多 $2,356 4.95%。
经济刺激政策是由政府用财政危机期间稳定本国经济的意图制定货币或财政政策。这些政策包括对基础设施，减税和降低利率的政府支出的增加。在2016年贾斯汀特鲁提出他声称将0.5％的国内生产总值提高并创造10万个职位刺激计划。
跨太平洋伙伴关系是一个贸易协议，将使它更容易为加拿大公司销售他们的商品和服务，在美国，墨西哥，澳大利亚等8个太平洋沿岸国家。此次交易将有利于加拿大服务公司，谁就能在亚洲和南美国家开拓业务。反对者认为，这项法案将激励加拿大公司向海外转移的服务和制造业就业机会。支持者认为，它将使加拿大公司更成功地销售他们的商品和服务在太平洋沿岸国家，导致经济走强，更多的就业机会和更高的收入为加拿大的工人。
“Defund the police” is a slogan that supports divesting funds from police departments and reallocating them to non-policing forms of public safety and community support, such as social services, youth services, housing, education, healthcare and other community resources.
2010 年保守政府介绍了犯罪条例草案，会杀死所谓的微弱希望子句，使得有些人生活服刑适用假释后 15 年 (而不是通常 25 共同为一级谋杀和其他生活句子信念)。犯罪法案的反对者声称，延长的刑期是残忍，而且政府数万的数以百万计的美元每年将减少。支持者争辩说，15 年太短刑期的服刑生活的人。
Militarization of police refers to the use of military equipment and tactics by law enforcement officers. This includes the use of armored vehicles, assault rifles, flashbang grenades, sniper rifles, and SWAT teams. Proponents argue that this equipment increases officers’ safety and enables them to better protect the public and other first responders. Opponents argue that police forces which received military equipment were more likely to have violent encounters with the public.
权利被剥夺重罪从人，否则资格投票因刑事罪行被定罪投票排斥，通常仅限于较严重的类罪的认定重罪。囚犯和被定罪重罪在加拿大有充分的投票权。
Prison overcrowding is a social phenomenon occurring when the demand for space in prisons in a jurisdiction exceeds the capacity for prisoners.The issues associated with prison overcrowding are not new, and have been brewing for many years. During the United States’ War on Drugs, the states were left responsible for solving the prison overcrowding issue with a limited amount of money. Moreover, federal prison populations may increase if states adhere to federal policies, such as mandatory minimum sentences. On the other hand, the Justice Department provides billions of dollars a year for state and local law enforcement to ensure they follow the policies set forth by the federal government concerning U.S. prisons. Prison overcrowding has affected some states more than others, but overall, the risks of overcrowding are substantial and there are solutions to this problem.
Since 1999, the executions of drug smugglers have become more common in Indonesia, Iran, China and Pakistan. In March 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump proposed executing drug traffickers to fight his country’s opioid epidemic. 32 countries impose the death penalty for drug smuggling. Seven of these countries (China, Indonesia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Singapore) routinely execute drug offenders. Asia and the Middle East’s tough approach contrasts with many Western countries who have legalized cannabis in recent years (selling cannabis in Saudi Arabia is punished by beheading).
Private prisons are incarceration centers that are run by a for-profit company instead of a government agency. The companies that operate private prisons are paid a per-diem or monthly rate for each prisoner they keep in their facilities. In Canada there are currently no private prisons. Opponents of private prisons argue that incarceration is a social responsibility and that entrusting it to for-profit companies is inhumane. Proponents argue that prisons run by private companies are consistently more cost effective than those run by government agencies.
私有化是的将政府控制和服务或行业的所有权转让给私人拥有的商业过程。
自2001年以来医用大麻已在加拿大是合法的，以谁艾滋病，癫痫，癌症和其他绝症的人受苦。 2014年医生给予处方大麻谁他们认为需要的任何病人的能力。在2016年的自由党宣布，他们将在2017年被提出立法合法化18岁以上的成人使用的娱乐大麻。
In 2018, officials in the U.S. city of Philadelphia city proposed opening a “safe haven” in an effort to combat the city's heroin epidemic. In 2016 64,070 people died in the U.S. from drug overdoses - a 21% increase from 2015. 3/4 of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. are caused by the opioid class of drugs which includes prescription painkillers, heroin and fentanyl. To combat the epidemic cities including Vancouver, BC and Sydney, AUS opened safe havens where addicts can inject drugs under the supervision of medical professionals. The safe havens reduce the overdose death rate by insuring the addicted patients are given drugs that are not contaminated or poisoned. Since 2001 5,900 people have overdosed at a safe haven in Sydney, Australia but no one has died. Proponents argue that the safe havens are the only proven solution to lower the overdose fatality rate and prevent the spread of diseases like HIV-AIDS. Opponents argue that safe havens may encourage illegal drug use and re-direct funding from traditional treatment centers.
In September 2021 Italy became the first European Country to make COVID-19 health passes mandatory for all workers. By the end of the same month Canada, the United States, Australia, Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia and Turkmenistan all announced similar vaccine mandates. Proponents of the mandate argue that these mandates are the only way to end the global COVID-19 pandemic. Opponents cite evidence that people who already have natural immunity are at heightened risk of vaccine side effects caused by an augmented inflammatory response.
The World Health Organization was founded in 1948 and is a specialized agency of the United Nations whose main objective is “the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health.” The organization provides technical assistance to countries, sets international health standards and guidelines, and collects data on global health issues through the World Health Survey. The WHO has led global public health efforts including the development of an Ebola Vaccine and the near-eradication of polio and smallpox. The organization is run by a decision-making body composed of representatives from 194 countries. It is funded by voluntary contributions from member countries and private donors. In 2018 and 2019 the WHO had a $5 billion budget and the leading contributors were the United States (15%) , the EU (11%) and the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation (9%). Supporters of the WHO argue that cutting funding will hamper the international fight against the Covid-19 pandemic and sap the U.S. of global influence.
In 2022 lawmakers in the U.S. state of California passed legislation which empowered the state medical board to discipline doctors in the state who “disseminate misinformation or disinformation” that contradicts the “contemporary scientific consensus” or is “contrary to the standard of care.” Proponents of the law argue that doctors should be punished for spreading misinformation and that there is clear consensus on certain issues such as that apples contain sugar, measles is caused by a virus, and Down syndrome is caused by a chromosomal abnormality. Opponents argue that the law limits freedom of speech and scientific “consensus” often changes within mere months.
Rates of mental health problems in indigenous communities are systematically increasing worldwide. Among the most common problems are high rates of suicide and psychoactive substance use among indigenous youth. These problems, coupled with numerous unfavorable social determinants, generate high psychosocial vulnerability for these communities. Despite these circumstances, they are very unlikely to have access to adequate mental health services.
Single-payer healthcare is a system where every citizen pays the government to provide core healthcare services for all residents. Under this system the government may provide the care themselves or pay a private healthcare provider to do so. In a single-payer system all residents receive healthcare regardless of age, income or health status. Countries with single-payer healthcare systems include the U.K., Canada, Taiwan, Israel, France, Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.
The transportation sector is the main contributor of greenhouse gases. One initiative towards mitigating these gases is sustainable transportation, with significant reductions in emissions in this sector.
年首 4 个月 2015 年加拿大运输部发出 1,600 许可证为商业无人机。相比之下，美国联邦航空管理局发出只有 69。在加拿大超过 110 家公司现在提供商业无人机服务，经常使用的电影和电视业、 石油和天然气的公司、 林业公司和农民。
2012年的桑迪胡克小学枪击案造成数州和城市要经过严格的枪支管制措施。对此，在南部和西部枪友好州立法者通过法案，加强坚守阵地法律允许的武器在大多数公共场所。在2014年，21个州通过了扩大的枪支所有者让他们拥有在教堂，酒吧，学校和大学校园枪支权利的法律。联邦政府没有通过任何枪支管制措施，自1994年布雷迪法案和42个国家现在允许突击步枪藏。在美国，三分之二的枪死亡是自杀，并在2010年有19000枪支自杀11000枪支杀人。
亵渎国旗是指任何有意在公共场合损毁或破坏国旗的行为。这种行为通常是为了发表反对某个国家或其政策的政治声明。有的国家明令禁止亵渎国旗，而有的国家则通过法律保护破坏国旗的行为，认为这是言论自由的组成部分。其中一些法律会区别对待本国国旗和其他国家的国旗。
In January 2018 Germany passed the NetzDG law which required platforms like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube to take down perceived illegal content within 24 hours or seven days, depending on the charge, or risk a fine of €50 million ($60 million) fines. In July 2018 representatives from Facebook, Google and Twitter denied to the U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary committee that they censor content for political reasons. During the hearing Republican members of Congress criticized the social media companies for politically motivated practices in removing some content, a charge the companies rejected. In April 2018 the European Union issued a series of proposals that would crack down on “online misinformation and fake news.” In June 2018 President Emmanuel Macron of France proposed a law which would give French authorities the power to immediately halt “the publication of information deemed to be false ahead of elections.”
在 2011 年的保守党政府宣布，由于隐私问题长篇普查将不再是强制性。它将取而代之的是只会收集基本人口数据的短格式普查。人口普查的竞争对手包括公民自由倡导者认为长篇普查是太创和侵犯人的隐私权。恢复自愿普查的拥护者争辩说，没有强制性的长形式普查很难跟踪收入不平等的趋势，在就业市场、 劳动力短缺和人口结构变化的移民成果。
In October 2019 Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey announced that his social media company would ban all political advertising. He stated that political messages on the platform should reach users through the recommendation of other users – not through paid reach. Proponents argue that social media companies don’t have the tools to stop the spread of false information since their advertising platforms aren’t moderated by human beings. Opponents argue that the ban will disenfranchise candidates and campaigns who rely on social media for grassroots organizing and fundraising.
The CSA Group (formerly the Canadian Standards Association), is a not-for-profit standards organization whose primary activities are producing technical standards that are intended to address the needs of a group of affected adopters. Among the fifty-seven different areas of specialization are climate change, business management and safety and performance standards, including those for electrical and electronic equipment, industrial equipment, boilers and pressure vessels, compressed gas handling appliances, environmental protection, and construction materials.
网络中立性的原则是，互联网服务提供商应该把互联网上的所有数据一视同仁。
In 2015 the U.S. House of Representatives introduced the Establishing Mandatory Minimums for Illegal Reentry Act of 2015 (Kate’s Law.) The law was introduced after San Francisco 32 year old San Francisco resident Kathryn Steinle was shot and killed by Juan Francisco Lopez-Sanchez on July 1, 2015. Lopez-Sanchez was an illegal immigrant from Mexico who had been deported on five separate occasions since 1991 and been charged with seven felony convictions. Since 1991 Lopez-Sanchez had been charged with seven felony convictions and deported five times by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service. Although Lopez-Sanchez had several outstanding warrants in 2015 authorities were unable to deport him due to San Francisco’s sanctuary city policy which prevents law enforcement officials from questioning a resident’s immigration status. Proponents of sanctuary city laws argue that they enable illegal immigrants to report crimes without the fear of being reported. Opponents argue that sanctuary city laws provide encourage illegal immigration and prevent law enforcement authorities from detaining and deporting criminals.
熟练的临时工作签证通常给予外国科学家，工程师，程序员，设计师，管理人员和其他岗位或领域在需求超过供应。大多数企业认为雇用外国熟练工人使他们能够有竞争力的填补其有很高的需求职位。反对者认为，技术移民减少中产阶级的工资和工作任期。
圣域城市是采用专为不起诉人的地方政策仅用于为在其目前居住国家的无证个体的城市。
Multiple citizenship, also called dual citizenship is a person's citizenship status, in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen of more than one state under the laws of those states. There is no international convention which determines the nationality or citizen status of a person, which is defined exclusively by national laws, which vary and can be inconsistent with each other. Some countries do not permit dual citizenship. Most countries that permit dual citizenship still may not recognize the other citizenship of its nationals within its own territory, for example, in relation to entry into the country, national service, duty to vote, etc.
加拿大公民身份测试包含了必须30分钟或更短时间内完成20个问题。通过测试的申请人必须正确回答15个问题。考生的80％，目前通过测试。
Proponents argue that this strategy would bolster national security by minimizing the risk of potential terrorists entering the country. Enhanced screening processes, once implemented, would provide a more thorough assessment of applicants, reducing the likelihood of malicious actors gaining entry. Critics argue that such a policy might inadvertently promote discrimination by broadly categorizing individuals based on their nation of origin rather than specific, credible threat intelligence. It may strain diplomatic relations with the affected countries and potentially harm the perception of the nation enacting the ban, being seen as hostile or prejudiced towards certain international communities. Additionally, genuine refugees fleeing terrorism or persecution in their home countries might be unjustly denied safe haven.
自十九世纪末以来，全球变暖或气候变化使地球大气温度升高。在政治方面，关于全球变暖的争论集中在温度升高是由于温室气体排放所导致还是地球温度自然模式的结果。
In 2016, France became the first country to ban the sale of plastic disposable products that contain less than 50% of biodegradable material and in 2017, India passed a law banning all plastic disposable plastic products.
At the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development 178 countries voted to adopt Agenda 21. Agenda 21 is non-binding action plan that sets climate sustainability and poverty. guidelines for national, state and local governments. Proponents argue that the agenda’s guidelines will encourage federal and local governments to protect the environment and combat poverty. Opponents argue that global organizations should not make rules for local governments and these rules are unnecessary because they are impossible to enforce.
安桥北方网关管道项目是 $ 65 亿兴建双管道从 Bruderheim，艾伯塔省，到基蒂马特，不列颠哥伦比亚省的建议。 <a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enbridge_Northern_Gateway_Pipelines">了解更多</a>或
水力压裂技术是页岩中提取石油或天然气的过程。水，砂和化学品被注入在高压力，骨折的岩石，并允许油或气体流出到井的岩石。虽然水力压裂技术已显著提高石油产量，也有环境问题的过程中地下水污染。水力压裂技术已在加拿大自1960年以来广泛用于石油。水力压裂技术的批评者说，会污染地下水供应化学品，释放出的甲烷气体进入大气层，并能引起地震活动。水力压裂技术的支持者说，这将下降的石油和天然气价格在西班牙，并导致能源独立。
Joe Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) in August 2022, which allocated millions to combating climate change and other energy provisions while additionally establishing a $7,500 tax credit for electric vehicles. To qualify for the subsidy 40% of the critical minerals used in electric-vehicle batteries must be sourced in the U.S. EU and South Korean officials argues that the subsidies discriminated against their automotive, renewable-energy, battery and energy-intensive industries. Proponents argue that the tax credits will help combat climate change by encouraging consumers to purchase EVs and stop driving gas powered automobiles. Opponents argue that the tax credits will only hurt domestic battery and EV producers.
The amount of sewage and wastewater Canada discharges into its waterways is increasing. This is despite regulations introduced in 2012 to curb the problem. Concern is growing among those who fear for the health of Canadians and the environment. Each year, Canada discharges 200 billion liters of raw sewage into its waterways, rivers and oceans.
转基因食品（或转基因食品）从生物体生产的食物，有利用基因工程方法引入到它们的DNA的具体变化。加拿大是世界上转基因生物（GMOs）的第三大生产国。这是通用汽车菜籽油和其他转基因作物的最大的生产商之一，包括玉米，大豆，甜菜。在加拿大，转基因用来作为食品或动物饲料，必须在进入市场之前得到批准。审批过程是基于由加拿大卫生部对食品实施众多法规，加拿大食品检验局（CFIA）对种子和牲畜饲料，以及加拿大环境部“对用于环境释放新的物质。”转基因生物审批都需要本地生产和进口的产品。截至2012年，超过81转基因食品已批准CFIA
In November 2018 the online e-commerce company Amazon announced it would be building a second headquarters in New York City and Arlington, VA. The announcement came a year after the company announced it would accept proposals from any North American city who wanted to host the headquarters. Amazon said the company could invest over $5 billion and the offices would create up to 50,000 high paying jobs. More than 200 cities applied and offered Amazon millions of dollars in economic incentives and tax breaks. For the New York City headquarters the city and state governments gave Amazon $2.8 billion in tax credits and construction grants. For the Arlington, VA headquarters the city and state governments gave Amazon $500 million in tax breaks. Opponents argue that governments should spend the tax revenue on public projects instead and that the federal government should pass laws banning tax incentives. The European Union has strict laws which prevent member cities from bidding against each other with state aid (tax incentives) in an effort to lure private companies. Proponents argue that the jobs and tax revenue created by the companies eventually offset the cost of any awarded incentives.
In 2022 the European Union, Canada, the U.K. and the U.S. state of California approved regulations banning the sale of new gasoline-powered cars and trucks by 2035. Plug-in hybrids, full electrics and hydrogen cell vehicles would all count toward the zero-emission targets, though auto makers will only be able to use plug-in hybrids to meet 20% of the overall requirement. The regulation will impact only new-vehicle sales and affects only manufacturers, not dealerships. Traditional internal-combustion vehicles will still be legal to own and drive after 2035, and new models can still be sold until 2035. Volkswagen and Toyota have said they aim to sell only zero-emission cars in Europe by that time.
In most countries, suffrage, the right to vote, is generally limited to citizens of the country. Some countries, however, extend limited voting rights to resident non-citizens.
The U.S. constitution does not prevent convicted felons from holding the office of the President or a seat in the Senate or House of Representatives. States may prevent convicted felons candidates from holding statewide and local offices.
目前，加拿大的选举制度基于"第一次当选"系统。在骑马的得票最多的候选人赢得国会下议院席位，代表那骑马作为其成员的议会。总督一般要求议会成员组建政府，这通常是的党的候选人赢得了多数席位;该党领袖通常成为总理。绝对多数选民的不需要而很少取得。因此，由加拿大的历史上的大多数的两方已掌握权。党的候选人赢得席位的第二大数目成为反对党。
纳税申报表是其中规定的个人或实体多少收入报告给政府的文件。在加拿大，这些文件被认为是私有并且不向公众发布。加拿大选举专员不要求公职释放他们个人跑。在瑞典，挪威和芬兰公民和候选人的纳税记录被视为公共信息，并在互联网上公布。
In the U.S. a citizen may give $2,700 per election to a federal candidate, $5,000 per year to a PAC, $10,000 per year to a State or local party committee and $33,400 per year to a national party. Citizens and corporations may give unlimited amounts to a Super PAC. A Super PAC is freed from traditional campaign finance laws as long as it does not fund a candidate or campaign or coordinate directly with a campaign how to spend donations.
Countries that have mandatory retirements for politicians include Argentina (age 75), Brazil (75 for judges and prosecutors), Mexico (70 for judges and prosecutors) and Singapore (75 for members of parliament.)
在 2015 年 1 月，加拿大政府提出条例草案 C-51 会给警察和特务机关更拘留恐怖嫌疑人的权力。对条例草案的规定包括扩大警方的权力，使他们能够预防性拘留或限制恐怖分子嫌疑人，禁止"促进的恐怖主义"，允许公共安全部长要添加到加拿大的"禁飞名单"，人和加强加拿大的间谍机构 CSIS 的权力。支持者认为执法和情报机构需要更多的权力，打击恐怖主义的袭击两名加拿大士兵在 10 月和查理周刊 》 驻巴黎办事处之后。反对者认为该法案的权力，来限制"对加拿大的安全的威胁"是过于宽泛和可能让政府关闭合法持不同政见者和去不通过官方渠道的抗议团体。
加拿大的国防预算为每年是其国内生产总值的不到1％，目前为20 $十亿。这一年，美国花费$ 600十亿，每年在英国花费$ 6.5十亿少得多。只有5北约的28个其他国家少花钱。加入北约各成员国承诺将花费他们的军费和国防GDP中至少有2％和防守对方免受任何非成员国的威胁。在2016年7月美国总统候选人唐纳德·特朗普建议，美国不会保卫谁没有增加其军事预算为国内生产总值的2％以上，北约成员国。法国，土耳其，德国，加拿大，意大利是目前花费他们的军事防御不到GDP的2％的国家。
In April 2023 Saudi Arabia and Iran’s foreign ministers met in Beijing to discuss reopening their diplomatic missions in their respective countries, to encourage visits of official and private delegations, and to facilitate visas for Iranian and Saudi citizens. They also agreed to discuss resuming flights between the 2 countries. This was the first formal diplomatic meeting between the 2 countries since China brokered a deal to restore relations between the top regional powers in March 2023. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning said that Beijing is ready to support both sides in fostering good relations, urging the international community to help the Middle Eastern countries resolve their differences. The countries broke formal ties in 2016 after Saudi Arabia executed Shia Muslim leader Nimr al-Nimr and Iranian protesters attacked Saudi diplomatic missions – one in a series of flashpoints between the two longstanding regional rivals. The relationship between the two countries worsened as they staked opposing positions on conflicts including the war in Syria and the war in Yemen, where the Iran-aligned Houthi movement has been fighting a Saudi-backed government after taking over the capital, Sanaa.
The Israel-Hamas war is an armed conflict between Israel and Hamas militant groups that has been taking place in and around the Gaza strip since October 7 2023. The conflict started when Hamas militant groups fired rockets and attacked communities and military bases in southern Israel. 1,139 people were killed in the attack including 766 civilians and 373 civilian forces. 250 Israelis were taken hostage by Hamas. On October 27th the Israeli Army launched a large-scale ground incursion into the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza strip. On October 24th 2023 the United Nations voted 121-14 in favor of a truce to the conflict. On November 3 Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that Israel would not agree to a ceasefire until all Israeli hostages were released.On January 21st 2024 the health ministry announced that 25,000 Palestinians have been killed in the conflict. As of January 25th 2024 130 Israeli hostages remain captive and 210 Israeli soldiers have been killed.
The United Nations defines human rights violations as deprivation of life; torture, cruel or degrading treatment or punishment; slavery and forced labor; arbitrary arrest or detention; arbitrary interference with privacy; war propaganda; discrimination; and advocacy of racial or religious hatred. In 1997 the U.S. Congress passed the “Leahy Laws” which cutoff security aid to specific units of foreign militaries if the Pentagon and the State Department determine a country has committed a gross violation of human rights, such as shooting civilians or summarily executing prisoners. Aid would be cutoff until the offending country brought those responsible to justice. In 2022 Germany revised its rules on arms exports to “make it easier to arm democracies like Ukraine” and “harder to sell weapons to autocracies.” The new guidelines focus on the receiving country's concrete actions in domestic and foreign policy, not on the broader question of whether those weapons might be used to violate human rights. Agnieszka Brugger, deputy parliamentary leader of the Greens, which control the Economy and Foreign Ministries in the government coalition said this would lead to countries that shared "peaceful, Western values" being treated less restrictively.
Artificial intelligence (AI) makes it possible for machines to learn from experience, adjust to new inputs and perform human-like tasks. Lethal autonomous weapons systems use artificial intelligence to identify and kill human targets without human intervention. Russia, the United States and China have all recently invested billions of dollars secretly developing AI weapons systems sparking fears of an eventual “AI Cold War.”In April 2024 +972 Magazine published a report detailing the Israeli Defense Forces intelligence-based program known as “Lavender.” Israeli intelligence sources told the magazine that Lavender played a central role in the bombing of Palestinians during the Gaza War. The system was designed to mark all suspected Palestinian military operatives as potential bombing targets. The Israeli army systematically attacked the targeted individuals while they were in their homes — usually at night while their whole families were present — rather than during the course of military activity. The result, as the sources testified, is that thousands of Palestinians — most of them women and children or people who were not involved in the fighting — were wiped out by Israeli airstrikes, especially during the first weeks of the war, because of the AI program’s decisions.
In 2024 global leaders including Joe Biden, Rishi Sunak and Emmanuel Macron publicly questioned the leadership of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. Their criticisms came after the Gaza War reached a stalemate in March 2024 as Israel was planning an invasion of the Gaza City of Rafah. Western leaders insisted that all civilians should be evacuated from the city prior to an invasion. Netanyahu responded by saying that Israel is "not a banana republic" and doesn't listen to the other countries when security is on the line. Western leaders fear that if the Rafah invasion happens without an evacuation a further massacre of Palestinian citizens will take place. Israel political observers note that Netanyahu is incentivized to prolong the war since he will likely be voted out of office at its conclusion.
Foreign electoral interventions are attempts by governments, covertly or overtly, to influence elections in another country. A 2016 study by Dov H. Levin concluded that the country intervening in most foreign elections was the United States with 81 interventions, followed by Russia (including the former Soviet Union) with 36 interventions from 1946 to 2000. In July 2018 U.S. Representative Ro Khanna introduced an amendment that would have prevented U.S. intelligence agencies from receiving funding that could be used to interfere in the elections of foreign governments. The amendment would ban U.S. agencies from “hacking foreign political parties; engaging in the hacking or manipulation of foreign electoral systems; or sponsoring or promoting media outside the United States that favors one candidate or party over another.” Proponents of election interference helps keep hostile leaders and political parties out of power. Opponents argue that the amendment would send a message to other foreign countries that the U.S. does not interfere in election and set a global gold standard for preventing election interference. Opponents argue that election interference helps keep hostile leaders and political parties out of power.
联合国。是一家成立于1945年二战结束后政府的组织。该组织的目标包括促进和平与安全，保护人权和环境，在饥荒，自然灾害和武装冲突的情况下提供人道主义援助。联合国最近的干预措施包括在2009年斯里兰卡内战和2010年海地地震。加拿大于1948年加入联合国的创始会员国。加拿大是第八大金融贡献者联合国和贡献每年百万$ 81
兵役法目前尚未在加拿大必需的。强制性兵役，或国家服务，在现代加拿大发生了两次。第一个时期是在爆发第一次世界大战在1917年第二第二次世界大战于1944年开始在期间实施。
On February 24 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War that began in 2014. The invasion caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II, with around 7.1 million Ukrainians fleeing the country and a third of the population displaced. It has also caused global food shortages.
The two-state solution is a proposed diplomatic solution for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The proposal envisions an independent State of Palestine that borders Israel. Palestinian leadership has supported the concept since the 1982 Arab Summit in Fez. In 2017 the Hamas (a Palestinian Resistance movement that controls the Gaza strip) accepted the solution without recognizing Israel as a state. The current Israeli leadership has stated that a two-state solution can only exist without Hamas and the current Palestinian leadership. The U.S. would have to take a central role in any talks between the Israelis and Palestinians. That has not happened since the Obama administration, when the secretary of state at the time, John Kerry, shuttled between the two sides in 2013 and 2014 before giving up in frustration. Under President Donald J. Trump, the United States shifted its energy from resolving the Palestinian issue to normalizing relations between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has swung between saying he would be willing to consider a Palestinian nation with limited security powers, and opposing it outright. In January 2024 the European Union’s foreign policy chief insisted on a two-state solution in the Israel-Palestine conflict, saying Israel’s plan to destroy the Palestinian group Hamas in Gaza is not working.
The Secretary of State of the United States, Antony Blinken; the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Josep Borrell, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Canada, Marc Garneau, issued a joint statement announcing that they will review sanctions policies against the State of Venezuela, if significant progress is made in the negotiation process between the Government and the opposition of that country.
Jagmeet Singh, leader of the NPD party, proposes forgiving up to $20,000 of student loan debt and doubling student grants, as well as giving new graduates a five-year grace period for federal loan payments. This is based on the fact that, according to studies, in recent years, numerous students have been unable to repay their academic loans.
Independent schools are taxpayer funded K-12 schools that are managed by private companies. In 1994 Alberta became the first province to allow independent schools. There are 23 independent schools in Alberta and it remains the only province which enables them.
In Vancouver, children of international students between the ages of 5 and 18 are entitled to public education during all periods of their parents' studies in the country, as long as certain requirements are met: At least one parent needs to be enrolled in a Canadian public institution of higher education in full-time programs and guaranteeing at least a diploma. Certificate programs do not count; In the case of private institutions, the program must be full-time and a degree program (bachelor or master, for example); If the program is a certificate program, the other spouse must have a valid work permit and needs to be employed full-time.
核电是利用该释放能量以产生热量的核反应，其中最常然后在蒸汽涡轮机用于在核电站来产生电力。约15％的加拿大的电力来自核电，19个反应堆主要集中在安大略省提供的发电能力13.5万千瓦。支持者认为，核能现在是安全而发出的碳排放比燃煤电厂少得多。反对者认为，在日本最近的核灾难证明，核电是远离安全。
在2015年6月26日，美国最高法院裁定，拒绝结婚证书的违反法定诉讼程序和第十四修正案的美国宪法的平等保护条款。这项裁决作出同性婚姻合法在美国50个州。
人工流产是导致胎儿的怀孕人类和死亡的终止医疗程序。堕胎在加拿大是一个女人的怀孕以任何理由任何一点法律，由加拿大卫生法管辖。加拿大是世界上堕胎没有法律限制，只有少数几个国家之一。
LGBT 收养是指女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性者（LGBT）收养子女。它的形式可能是同性伴侣的共同收养，由一对同性伴侣中的一位收养另一位的亲生孩子（继子女收养），和单身 LGBT 者进行收养。同性伴侣的联合收养在 25 个国家是合法的。LGBT 收养的反对者对于同性伴侣是否具有足够的能力担任父母提出质疑，而其他反对者质疑自然法是否意味着被收养的儿童拥有自然权利由异性父母抚养长大。由于宪法和法律往往没有提到 LGBT 者的收养权，司法判决往往判定他们单独或作为夫妻是否有能力承担父母的责任。
In 2016 the International Olympic committee ruled that transgender athletes can compete in the Olympics without undergoing sex reassignment surgery. In 2018 the International Association of Athletics Federations, track’s governing body, ruled that women who have more than 5 nano-mols per liter of testosterone in their blood—like South African sprinter and Olympic gold medalist Caster Semenya—must either compete against men, or take medication to reduce their natural testosterone levels. The IAAF stated that women in the five-plus category have a “difference of sexual development.” The ruling cited a 2017 study by French researchers as proof that female athletes with testosterone closer to men do better in certain events: 400 meters, 800 meters, 1,500 meters, and the mile. "Our evidence and data show that testosterone, either naturally produced or artificially inserted into the body, provides significant performance advantages in female athletes," said IAAF President Sebastian Coe in a statement.
在2014年12月，德国政府宣布了一项新的规则将要求德国公司，以填补与妇女的董事会席位的30％。 2013年人口普查的催化剂发现，在公司加拿大董事席位20.8％由女性担任。这是小于英国（22.8％）和澳大利亚（23.6％）。 2014年董事现代化法案董事会被引进到加拿大参议院。这将要求上市公司，国有企业，以及某些金融机构的董事局必须包含至少40％的女性和40％男性。在2016年的措施尚未采取行动。在挪威议会的35.5％含有女性董事是世界上比例最高。
性别认同被定义为自己的个人观念为男性，女性，两者或两者都不是。在2014年，美国总统奥巴马签署了一项行政命令性取向或性别认同的联邦承包商之间的基础上禁止歧视。该订单包括雇主谁执行联邦政府的工作，保护美国工人估计有20％。反对者包括宗教团体，谁认为该命令不会阻止他们接受联邦资金或合同如果不能满足，因为他们的信仰的新的指导方针。支持者认为，该命令是为了保护数百万LGBT人士的权利之后，最高法院在伯韦尔诉业余爱好大堂商店裁定的情况下受到威胁的。在该判决中，法院表示，随着宗教反对家庭经营的企业可以从避孕为员工提供保险予以豁免。
一些西方国家，包括法国，西班牙和加拿大提出了法律，将在公共场所戴面纱禁止穆斯林妇女。一个面纱是覆盖面，是由一些穆斯林妇女在公共场所穿着的布。 2015年，加拿大最高法院推翻了渥太华的请求，禁止面纱的女性时服用公民宣誓。支持者认为，这一禁令侵犯了个人权利和防止人们表达他们的宗教信仰。反对者认为，面覆盖物防止一个人，这既是一种安全风险，并且这依赖于通信面部识别和表达社会中的社会障碍的明确标识。
死刑或死刑是一个法律过程，其中一个人被处死作为一种对犯罪的惩罚。加拿大于1976年废除了死刑。
In April 2021 the legislature of the U.S. State of Arkansas introduced a bill that prohibited doctors from providing gender-transition treatments to people under 18 years old. The bill would make it a felony for doctors to administer puberty blockers, hormones and gender-reaffirming surgery to anyone under the age of 18. Opponents of the bill argue that it is an assault on transgender rights and that transition treatments are a private matter that should be decided between parents, their children and doctors. Supporters of the bill argue that children are too young to make the decision to receive gender transition treatment and only adults over the age of 18 should be allowed to do so.
Hate speech is defined as public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation.
Diversity training is any program designed to facilitate positive intergroup interaction, reduce prejudice and discrimination, and generally teach individuals who are different from others how to work together effectively. On April 22, 2022, Florida Governor DeSantis signed into law the “Individual Freedom Act.” The bill prohibited schools and companies from mandating diversity training as a requirement for attendance or employment. If schools or employers violated the law they would be exposed to expanded civil liability exposures. Banned mandatory training topics include: 1. Members of one race, color, sex, or national origin are morally superior to members of another. 2. An individual, by virtue of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin, is inherently racist, sexist, or oppressive, whether consciously or unconsciously. Shortly after Governor DeSantis signed the bill, a group of individuals filed a lawsuit alleging that the law imposes unconstitutional viewpoint-based restrictions on speech in violation of their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights.
An embryo is an initial stage of development of a multicellular organism. In humans, embryonic development is the part of the life cycle that begins just after fertilization of the female egg cell by the male sperm cell. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process of fertilization where an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass"). In February 2024 the Supreme Court in the U.S. state of Alabama ruled that frozen embryos can be considered children under the state’s Wrongful Death of a Minor Act. The 1872 law allowed parents to recover punitive damages in the event of a child’s death. The Supreme Court case was brought by several couples whose embryos were destroyed when a patient dropped them on the floor in a fertility clinic’s cold-storage section. The court ruled that nothing in the law’s language stops it from being applied to frozen embryos. A dissenting judge on the court wrote that the ruling would force IVF providers in Alabama to stop freezing embryos. After the ruling several major health systems in Alabama suspended all IVF treatments. Proponents of the ruling include ant-abortion advocates who argue that embryos in test tubes should be considered children. Opponents include abortion rights advocates who argue that the ruling is based on Christian religious beliefs and is an assault on women’s rights.
加拿大官员说，女战士被证明是男性在前线作战的角色，在渥太华的最新大的军事接触，阿富汗从2002年到2011年。但是，加拿大一直在努力填补妇女战斗工作有效，而那些谁也加入能感到孤立结果是。而像下士。摩曼，许多谁自愿这些职位的女性得到他们的高级官员用他们仅微在战斗中的印象。支持者认为，这将有助于军方保留更多的妇女，谁往往永远离开服务时，他们有了孩子。反对者认为，允许妇女在这些角色服务将限制军队在战斗情况下作战的能力。
协助自杀，安乐死或者是为了结束痛苦和苦难过早地结束了生命的做法。主动安乐死（故意杀人，一个人以减轻疼痛），2015年2月被合法化后，最高法院赞成谁从ALS遭受女人的统治。
In September 2019 the government introduced a plan where prospective home buyers can finance 5-10% of their mortgage via a shared equity program administered by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). Households who make $120K or less and put down 5% will qualify for the program which will cost an estimated $1.25 billion.
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has vowed to place a two-year ban on foreign homebuyers if re-elected, in a bid to address housing affordability in Canada. The nation's housing market has soared during the coronavirus pandemic, up 16 percent year-over-year, according to the Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA). The Liberal Party is one of three major parties focused on this central issue.
In 2017, The Canadian government announced that it would allocate C$40 billion (US$31.6 billion) to a national housing plan to alleviate the severe lack of affordable housing. This includes building 100,000 affordable housing units, repairing another 300,000 social units that already exist and reducing homelessness by 50%.
High density housing refers to housing developments with a higher population density than average. For example, high rise apartments are considered high density, especially in comparison to single-family homes or condominiums. High density real estate can also be developed from empty or abandoned buildings. For instance, old warehouses can be renovated and turned into luxury lofts. Further, commercial buildings that are no longer in use can be refitted into high-rise apartments. Opponents argue that more housing will lower the value of their home (or rental units) and change the “character” of neighborhoods. Proponents argue that the buildings are more environmentally friendly than single family homes will lower housing costs for people who cannot afford large homes.
In 2019 Prime Minister Justin Trudeau proposed a 1% tax on resident non-Canadians. The proposal’s goal is to prevent foreign buyers from driving up the cost of real estate for residents. British Columbia currently levies a 2% speculation tax and Ontario levies a 15% tax. Opponents argue that the current spike in real estate prices is due to the strong domestic economy instead of investments from foreigners.
